Legal arguments on whether or not oil
exploration activities should be suspended on Ghana’s offshore until the
final determination of a maritime dispute between it and Cote d’Ivoire
have ended.
Subsequently, the Registrar of the Tribunal for the International Law
of the Sea (ITLOS) in Hamburg, Germany, Mr Philippe Gautier, has given
both countries up to tomorrow, April 2, 2015 to submit corrections on
their oral submissions to the tribunal.
According to Mr Boualem Bouguetaia, the President of the panel of
judges which heard applications for and against preliminary measures
against Ghana, the decision of the tribunal would be delivered this
month.
He, however, did not indicate the exact date but said it would be communicated to the parties soon.
He thanked the parties for putting up a spirited fight.
Prior to the end of proceedings, the lead international lawyer for
Ghana, Professor Philippe Sands, drew the tribunal’s attention to Cote
d’Ivoire’s circumvention of the rules of the tribunal when it (Cote
d’Ivoire) decided to attach a fresh document to its case during the
hearing last Sunday.
The tribunal told Prof. Sands it had taken note of the issue.
A major project to be affected should Cote d’Ivoire’s call for all
activities to cease on the disputed boundary be upheld is exploration
and exploitation work on the Tweneboah-Enyera-Ntoumme (TEN) project
being operated by Tullow Oil Plc and its partners.
Arguments
Earlier at the tribunal’s sitting in Hamburg last Monday, lawyers for
both countries had made cases for and against the suspension of
exploration activities on the disputed area.
Cote d’Ivoire accused Ghana of attempting to prejudice the tribunal’s
upcoming decision by going into the merit of the case with volumes of
documents and witness statements, but Ghana faulted its neighbour for
departing from the law, making baseless accusations, being inconsistent
and failing to produce witnesses and expert evidence.
Ghana also reminded Cote d’Ivoire of its lack of consistency and merit in filing for preliminary measures.
The absence of credible data and evidence from Cote d’Ivoire,
according to Ghana, was due to Cote d’Ivoire’s handicap in producing
factual documents to back its case.
Ghana also reminded Cote d’Ivoire of its failure to challenge the
evidence of its technical witnesses which, according to Ghana, summed up
to shred Cote d’Ivoire’s case.
The Attorney-General and Minister of Justice, Mrs Marietta Brew
Appiah-Opong, led Ghana’s team, while the Minister of Petroleum and
Energy of Cote d’Ivoire, Mr Adama Toungara, led the Ivorian team.
Cote d’Ivoire’s closing remarks
Cote d’Ivoire, which was given the first opportunity to present its
closing address, prayed the tribunal to grant its application on the
grounds that it would suffer irreparable damage should Ghana be allowed
to continue with exploration activities on the disputed boundary.
One of its lawyers, Mr Adama Kamara, expressed regret at Ghana’s
decision to argue on the merits of the case at the preliminary stages
and insisted the two countries had always questioned the delimitation of
their boundaries.
“The issue on maritime boundaries between the two countries remains
an open subject but Ghana says it is closed and there is no contention,”
he said.
According to him, the two countries never agreed on delimitation of
their maritime boundaries and argued that the equidistance line produced
by Ghana was “approximate”, adding, “We will advance the technical
argument later.”
Mr Kamara made a U-turn and indicted Petroci, the agency vested with
Cote d’Ivoire’s hydrocarbons, and said the maps produced by Petroci
could not be used to illustrate the official position of Cote d’Ivoire.
Sir Michael Wood, one of Cote d’Ivoire’s international lawyers,
accused Ghana of attempting to prejudice the case with its advanced
arguments on the merit of the case.
He said Ghana had relied on fait accompli by ignoring Cote d’Ivoire’s
protest, while his counterpart, Mr Michael Pitron, also indicated that
Cote d’Ivoire did not produce witnesses and expert opinions because the
merit of the case was yet to be tackled.
“Ghana is bent on hegemony. We have voiced our concerns since 1988 and that is why we are here,” Mr Pitron added.
Prof. Alain Pellet urged the tribunal to protect the rights of both
countries, as enshrined in international law, but accused Ghana of
acting as if it was on “home ground” and prayed the tribunal to stop
Ghana from continuing with exploration activities until the matter was
resolved.
Making a case for his country, Mr Toungara said Cote d’Ivoire had
never recognised what he termed “the so-called customary equidistance
line”.
According to him, Ghana was imposing the equidistance line on Cote
d’Ivoire and, therefore, urged the tribunal to stop Ghana from acting
unilaterally.
Ghana strikes
Ghana’s Attorney-General, in her closing remarks, noted: “Cote
d’Ivoire has done nothing to displace the fact that Ghana has a solid
case for entitlement to the area it newly claims that was recognised in
mutual petroleum concession practice over many years and backed by
principles of domestic and international law.”
She accused Cote d’Ivoire of making unjustifiable and glaring
omissions in both its written and oral submissions, adding, “That is not
good enough.”
Mrs Appiah-Opong also indicated how Cote d’Ivoire had been totally
silent on how Ghana’s rights would be protected should Ghana win in the
long run and oil production had been stopped by the tribunal at the
preliminary stage.
Cote d’Ivoire had accused Ghana of hegemony and acting unilaterally
but Mrs Appiah-Opong reminded it that its first President had recognised
the boundary between the two countries decades ago.
She said it was long after oil companies had spent millions to drill
wells and discovered oil that Cote d’Ivoire began to stake a claim.
Responding to Cote d’Ivoire’s accusation that Ghana’s marine
environment had been polluted, the Attorney-General said “the
environmental competence allegations made by Cote d’Ivoire and the claim
of rights relating to environmental information are manifestly
unsustainable”.
She also touched on the competence of the contractors operating on
Ghana’s oil fields and said Ghana had expert evidence to back its
assertion that Cote d’Ivoire had no basis to accuse Ghana of
environmental pollution.
Unquantifiable loss
Mrs Appiah-Opong argued that Ghana had invested millions and Cote
d’Ivoire had nothing to lose should work be stopped on the disputed
area.
According to her, Ghana would suffer unquantifiable loss should its
opponent’s application be upheld, adding, “Cote d’Ivoire’s attempt to
prevent the continuation of the existing activities was likely to
seriously aggravate this dispute and make its resolution much harder.
“In short, the measures sought by Cote d’Ivoire will guarantee
disproportionate, irreparable harm to Ghana; they will aggravate this
dispute and they will cause irremediable injustice.”
Decline Cote d’Ivoire’s application
Arguing further, Mrs Appiah-Opong noted that Cote d’Ivoire had not
acted in accordance with the principles of comity between nations in
this particular case in “attempting, on the basis of the very thin
material it has put forward, to halt a significant part of one of
Ghana’s vital industries”.
“Cote d’Ivoire made this application as though the events from 1960
to 2009 had not occurred, as though the entire history began only in
2009 or late 2011 when it made its new claims public. With great
respect, that is not a reasonable approach. Cote d’Ivoire acted as it
did for more than four decades as did Ghana, and it is not now entitled
to disregard this.
“Ghana takes this case and our international legal obligations
seriously, particularly when subject to unjustifiable attack. We have
filed detailed and extensive written evidence.
“We have offered witness testimonies, none of which has been
challenged. We have brought a substantial delegation to this tribunal
covering the many areas touched by this application. This approach has
not been reciprocated either in the written submissions or at this
hearing,” Mrs Appiah-Opong emphasised.
She submitted further that “this should be one of the straightforward
cases that this tribunal has had to decide. It is, we respectfully
submit, clear that the provisional measures sought should be refused”.
“On behalf of Ghana, I, therefore, formally request that the
application for provisional measures be declined. A formal written
submission pursuant to Article 75 will be provided,” she added.
Sign of desperation
Making a case for Ghana, the lead counsel for Ghana’s international
legal team, Prof. Sands, said Ghana had been prudent and consistent with
Cote d’Ivoire for more than 40 years on the issue of maritime boundary
demarcation.
He questioned why Cote d’Ivoire had abandoned its first President’s decree recognising the maritime boundary with Ghana.
“There was no formal agreement but there was understanding and no
conflict. It was only in 2009 that the situation changed behind the
scenes after money had been spent by Ghana and oil had been found,” he
noted.
He accused Cote d’Ivoire of coming up with three different and
inconsistent mapping on the disputed area and said Ghana had been
consistent with its position.
Still on the maps, Prof. Sands questioned: “Are they claiming
Meridian 1, Meridian 2 bisector line or a new line they constructed
weeks ago? There is no specification on their claims. We take that as a
concession. They recognise the implausibility of their claims.”
Reacting to Cote d’Ivoire’s disowning of Petroci, Prof. Sands told
the tribunal that Petroci was a government entity, not a private entity,
as was being portrayed by Cote d’Ivoire.
No cross-examination
Cote d’Ivoire attempted to dismiss Ghana’s witness statement but
Prof. Sands maintained it could not do that because it had failed to
cross-examine Ghana’s witness, thereby indicating the evidence had been
unchallenged by Cote d’Ivoire, which also failed to call witnesses.
Responding to Mr Toungara’s earlier claim that he (Toungara) had had
40 years’ experience in Cote d’Ivoire’s oil industry and was, therefore,
a witness, Prof. Sands replied, “He is not a witness. He is an agent
for Cote d’Ivoire.”
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